Education Fundamentals

Formative vs summative assessment is one of the most useful distinctions in teaching, and it comes down to purpose. Formative

Criterion referenced interpretation means judging a student’s performance against a defined standard of knowledge or skill rather than against other

Norm referenced interpretation is a way of making sense of a test score by comparing it with the scores of

Reliability in assessment means consistency: how closely a test or scoring process would repeat its results under similar conditions. If

Validity in educational measurement is the question of whether a test result actually means what people say it means. A

Measurement basics in education help answer a deceptively simple question: how do you put a number on something you cannot

Assessment principles are the shared standards that separate a meaningful check of learning from a pile of marks. Whether the

Feedback fundamentals begin with a plain definition: feedback is information about how current performance compares with a goal, given so

Practice and retention are tied together in a way many students discover only after an exam: the hours spent practicing

Transfer of learning is the ability to take something learned in one setting and apply it successfully in another. A