Educational Research

Anonymization techniques are methods that remove or disguise personal details so individual students cannot be identified in research data. Schools

Confidentiality safeguards are the practical steps researchers take to keep participant information private, and they are central to ethical school-based

Parental consent requirements are the rules that determine when a parent or legal guardian must give permission before a child

Assent for minors is a process in which children and teenagers who are too young to give fully legal consent

Informed consent procedures are the steps researchers take to explain a study to participants and ask whether they agree to

Recruitment and retention describe two linked tasks every school system faces: attracting qualified people to open positions and keeping them

Attrition in longitudinal studies refers to the loss of participants over the course of a research project that follows the

Convenience sampling limitations describe the weaknesses that arise when researchers study whoever is easiest to reach rather than a group

Cluster sampling methods are techniques for selecting participants in groups, such as whole schools or classrooms, rather than picking individual

Systematic sampling is a method researchers use to choose participants from a larger list by selecting people at regular, fixed