Educational Psychology

Intrinsic motivation factors are the conditions and experiences that make an activity rewarding in itself, so that a learner engages

Motivation and learning are so closely tied that it is easy to treat them as one thing, yet they are

Expectancy value theory explains motivation as the product of two questions every learner asks, often without noticing: can I succeed

Self efficacy beliefs are a person’s judgments about whether they can successfully carry out a specific task, such as solving

Judgment accuracy biases are the systematic errors that creep in when learners estimate how well they know something, how much

Calibration of judgments refers to how closely a learner’s confidence matches their actual performance. A well-calibrated student who feels ready

Metacognitive awareness is a learner’s knowledge of their own thinking: what they understand, which strategies they know, and when those

Self monitoring strategies are methods learners use to observe and record their own behavior, such as how long they stayed

Goal setting skills let a learner turn a vague wish, such as doing better in chemistry, into a clear target

Cognitive flexibility skills let a learner shift thinking when a situation changes, whether that means switching to a new rule,